Summary

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a crucial protein responsible for transporting cholesterol and other fats throughout the body. Elevated ApoB levels, associated with high LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) concentrations, can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing cardiovascular disease risk and atherosclerosis.

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Overview

ApoB plays a significant role in the body's lipid metabolism. It is a primary component of several lipoproteins that transport cholesterol and other lipids through the bloodstream. This group of lipoproteins includes for example chylomicrons, LDL, IDL, or VLDL particles. Each ApoB carries one of the ‘’bad’’ lipoproteins, so the test is a good measure of the total amount of lipoproteins or ‘’bad’’ cholesterol in the blood. 

Elevated levels of ApoB, especially when associated with higher LDL particle concentrations, are the primary drivers of plaques that cause atherosclerosis It can lead to heart disease, stroke, and other complications after decades of progression.^[1,3]

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What should you know about this biomarker?

Each laboratory uses different machines and protocols, so the results might vary in terms of the reference ranges or used units of measurement. In Macromo blood tests, we use g/l (grams per liter), but you can also find the levels given in, mg/dl (milligrams per deciliter) elsewhere.

Optimal levels of APOB in the blood depend on individual risk factors for heart disease, such as age, sex, family history, and lifestyle. Generally, healthy adults should aim for an APOB level of less than 0.9 g/l. Higher APOB levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.^[2] ApoB levels should be measured in conjunction with traditional lipid markers (e.g., total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) to more comprehensively assess cardiovascular risk. Some healthcare providers believe it's even more accurate at predicting your cardiovascular risk than a regular lipid panel. 

Your blood test can show different result possibilities:

• Your ApoB levels are low. It is generally a positive sign for heart health. However, if you have any questions, please consult your healthcare provider. 
• Your ApoB levels are within the reference range. It is an indicator of low cardiovascular risk. 
• Your ApoB levels are elevated. This may pinpoint a potential risk for heart disease. Please consult your healthcare provider. 

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Genetics

Certain genetic variations can affect the production of ApoB and, in turn, alter the concentration of cholesterol and other fats in the body. If ApoB levels are increased due to one's genetics, the risk of heart problems increases, and life expectancy is shortened. Furthermore, if LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels are elevated the risk is even higher.^[3] 

One research described more than 20 mutations in the APOB gene. That led to familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, a condition characterized by abnormally low plasma concentrations of apoB and LDL cholesterol.^[4]  

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Recommendations

If your results of ApoB are outside the optimal range, it is important to find out the cause, and make some lifestyle changes^[5]:

• It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you suspect any issues related to heart disease or stroke, or if your ApoB levels fall outside the normal range.
• Opt for a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Reduce intake of saturated and trans fats.
• Exercise regularly. Physical activity contributes to overall health and helps keep your heart in good shape.
• If you smoke, take steps to quit, as smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease.
• If you have other health conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure, ensure they are well-managed, as they can influence lipid levels and heart health.

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The information and tests provided on our website are for educational purposes only and are not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making health decisions. Our tests do not diagnose or treat diseases. Individual results may vary and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.