Summary

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in many organs throughout the body, with the highest concentrations in the liver. GGT plays a key role in the body's transport of amino acids and peptides into cells. 

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Overview

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, playing a vital role in the metabolism and transport of amino acids. Elevated GGT levels in the blood often indicate liver or bile duct damage, potentially due to conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or chronic alcohol abuse. Otherwise, it can be caused by pancreatitis, diabetes, congestive heart failure, or it can be a side effect of certain medications.  

It is the most sensitive liver enzyme test for finding bile duct issues. However, a GGT test can't diagnose the specific cause of liver disease. GGT is commonly included in liver function panels alongside other liver enzymes like ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase).  Certain medications can also increase GGT levels.^[1]

If you have a condition causing high levels of GGT, you may experience symptoms like fatigue, weakness, jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. 

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What should you know about this biomarker?

Each laboratory uses different machines and protocols, so the results might vary in terms of the reference ranges or used units of measurement. In Macromo blood tests we use µkat/l (microkatal per liter).

Optimal GGT levels can vary depending on age, gender, and overall health. Generally, healthy adult men have GGT levels below 1.19 µkat/l (microkatal per liter), while healthy adult women have levels below 1.10 µkat/l, but the results can vary based on the laboratory.^[2]

Your blood test could indicate one of several potential outcomes.

• Your GGT levels are within the reference range. Maintain liver health by limiting alcohol, avoiding harmful substances, and maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise. 
• If your GGT levels are elevated, it potentially indicates liver or bile tract damage.  Please consult your healthcare provider. 

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Genetics

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels can be influenced by various factors, including alcohol consumption, medication use, and liver disease. However, research has also suggested a genetic component to GGT levels.
Thanks to previously conducted twin studies and now genome-wide association studies, it has been found that changes in the levels of not only GGT but also AST and ALT are influenced by genetics. However, the interplay between environmental and genetic factors has yet to be fully determined.^[3,4] 

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Recommendations

If your gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels are outside of the optimal range, it may indicate liver disease, alcohol misuse, or the use of certain medications. Here are some recommendations^[1]:

• If your GGT levels are elevated, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of the elevated levels and recommend appropriate treatment.
• If the elevated GGT levels are due to alcohol misuse, reducing or abstaining from alcohol can help lower GGT levels. Regular exercise and a healthy diet can also support overall liver health.
• If you smoke, consider quitting. Cigarette smoking is significantly associated with increased levels of GGT and ALT.
• If you're taking medications known to increase GGT levels, your healthcare provider may consider adjusting your medication regimen. However, this should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
• If the cause of the elevated GGT levels is unclear, your healthcare provider may recommend further testing. 
• If you have a condition that causes elevated GGT levels, such as liver disease, regularly monitoring your GGT levels and other liver function tests can help manage your condition and monitor your response to treatment.

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The information and tests provided on our website are for educational purposes only and are not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making health decisions. Our tests do not diagnose or treat diseases. Individual results may vary and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.