Summary

PSA, an abbreviation for prostate-specific antigen, is a protein produced by the prostate, a small gland that sits below the bladder in males. PSA is present in small quantities in the blood of men with healthy prostates but can be elevated in the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate disorders, such as prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

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Overview

The level of PSA in the blood depends on several factors, such as age, race, family history, medication use, sexual activity, and the prostate size of the person. It can be produced by both cancerous and noncancerous tissue in the prostate. 

PSA is a biomarker that can predict the risk of developing or worsening prostate cancer or the risk of developing or worsening other conditions that are associated with prostate cancer, such as urinary problems and sexual dysfunction. Nevertheless, its significance lies equally in physiological function in males, as it assists in the liquefaction of semen and allows sperm to swim smoothly and freely.^[1-3]   

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What should you know about this biomarker?

PSA is both a diagnostic and prognostic marker of prostate health and state. Elevated PSA can be an early marker of future prostate dysfunction, even before changes in traditional prostate markers are observed.^[4]

Each laboratory uses different machines and protocols, so the results might vary in terms of the reference ranges or used units of measurement. In Macromo blood tests, we use µg/l (micrograms per liter), but you may also find values in ng/ml (nanograms per millimeter) on the internet.‍

‍PSA levels are highly age-dependent, with an upper limit of around 2.5 µg/l (micrograms per liter) up to the age of 50. Higher levels may indicate an increased risk of prostate cancer or other related diseases. However, it is good to know that you can reduce or increase your PSA level by lifestyle changes

Your blood test can reveal various potential outcomes: 

• If your PSA levels are low, it is generally considered a positive sign. However, it's important to note that certain medications or medical conditions can influence PSA levels. 
• If PSA levels are within the reference range, it suggests a healthy prostate.
• If PSA levels are elevated, it is a potential sign of an issue. Please consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation and possible treatment strategies. 

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Genetics

Scientists have discovered genetic changes in PSA levels and their connection to various factors, encompassing demographic characteristics, lifestyle choices, and genetic influences. 

In particular, genetic contributors known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are linked to both PSA levels alone and in conjunction with prostate cancer. Notably, it has been revealed that the regulation of PSA levels involves genetic variations within the superfamily of organic anion-transporting polypeptides encoded by the SLCO2B1 and SLCO1B3 genes.

A study conducted among men in New Zealand has shed further light on the association between PSA levels and genetic polymorphisms in AKR1C3. These specific genetic variations have also been implicated in the development of prostate cancer. 

This finding helps us understand the relationship between genetic factors and PSA levels and their potential implications for prostate health.^[5]  

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Recommendations

If your results of PSA are outside the optimal range, there are several available options^[6,7]:

• It is crucial to consult your healthcare provider in case of any concerns regarding your prostate health. 
• If your test results show elevated PSA levels or you have a family history of prostate cancer, regular check-ups are essential for the prevention and early detection of any problem.
• If your PSA levels are high, your doctor may order additional tests, such as another PSA test, digital rectal examination, urine test, or prostate biopsy. 
• One of the causes of elevated PSA levels is also increasing age. However, this should also be consulted with your doctor.
• Implement a healthy, balanced diet and regular exercise activity. Your lifestyle has a significant impact on overall health, and it is also a powerful prevention of many diseases, including prostate cancer.

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The information and tests provided on our website are for educational purposes only and are not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making health decisions. Our tests do not diagnose or treat diseases. Individual results may vary and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.